/*  Written in 2016 by David Blackman and Sebastiano Vigna (vigna@acm.org)

To the extent possible under law, the author has dedicated all copyright
and related and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain
worldwide. This software is distributed without any warranty.

See <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>. */
package squidpony.squidmath;

import squidpony.StringKit;

import java.io.Serializable;

/**
 * A Linear Feedback Shift Register that may be used like a StatefulRandomness but is not truly random. This has a
 * period of (2 to the 64) minus 1, and is based on Wikipedia's code for a Galois LFSR but uses data from
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20161007061934/http://courses.cse.tamu.edu/csce680/walker/lfsr_table.pdf .
 * It is important to note that an LFSR will produce each number from 1 until its maximum exactly once before repeating,
 * so this may be useful as a way of generating test data in an unpredictable order.
 * @author Tommy Ettinger
 */
public class LFSR implements StatefulRandomness, Serializable {

        private static final long DOUBLE_MASK = (1L << 53) - 1;
    private static final double NORM_53 = 1. / (1L << 53);
    private static final long FLOAT_MASK = (1L << 24) - 1;
    private static final double NORM_24 = 1. / (1L << 24);

        private static final long serialVersionUID = -2373549048478690398L;

    public long state;

    /**
     * Creates a new generator seeded using Math.random.
     */
    public LFSR() {
        this((long) (Math.random() * Long.MAX_VALUE));
    }

    public LFSR(final long seed) {
        setState(seed);
    }

    public LFSR(final CharSequence seed)
    {
        this(CrossHash.hash64(seed));
    }


    @Override
    public final int next(int bits) {
        return (int)nextLong() >>> (32 - bits);
    }

    @Override
    public final long nextLong() {
        return state = (state >>> 1 ^ (-(state & 1L) & 0xD800000000000000L));
    }

    /**
     * Produces a copy of this RandomnessSource that, if next() and/or nextLong() are called on this object and the
     * copy, both will generate the same sequence of random numbers from the point copy() was called. This just needs to
     * copy the state so it isn't shared, usually, and produce a new value with the same exact state.
     *
     * @return a copy of this RandomnessSource
     */
    @Override
    public LFSR copy() {
        return new LFSR(state);
    }


    /**
     * Can return any int, positive or negative, of any size permissible in a 32-bit signed integer.
     * @return any int, all 32 bits are random
     */
    public int nextInt() {
        return (int)nextLong();
    }

    /**
     * Exclusive on the outer bound; the inner bound is 0. The bound may be negative, which will produce a non-positive
     * result.
     * @param bound the outer exclusive bound; may be positive or negative
     * @return a random long between 0 (inclusive) and bound (exclusive)
     */
    public int nextInt( final int bound ) {
        return (int)((bound * (nextLong() & 0x7FFFFFFFL)) >> 31);
    }
    /**
     * Inclusive lower, exclusive upper.
     * @param inner the inner bound, inclusive, can be positive or negative
     * @param outer the outer bound, exclusive, should be positive, should usually be greater than inner
     * @return a random int that may be equal to inner and will otherwise be between inner and outer
     */
    public int nextInt(final int inner, final int outer) {
        return inner + nextInt(outer - inner);
    }

    /**
     * Exclusive on the outer bound; the inner bound is 0. The bound may be negative, which will produce a non-positive
     * result.
     * @param bound the outer exclusive bound; may be positive or negative
     * @return a random long between 0 (inclusive) and bound (exclusive)
     */
    public long nextLong(long bound) {
        long rand = nextLong();
        final long randLow = rand & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
        final long boundLow = bound & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
        rand >>>= 32;
        bound >>= 32;
        final long t = rand * boundLow + (randLow * boundLow >>> 32);
        return rand * bound + (t >> 32) + (randLow * bound + (t & 0xFFFFFFFFL) >> 32);
    }

    /**
     * Inclusive inner, exclusive outer; both inner and outer can be positive or negative.
     * @param inner the inner bound, inclusive, can be positive or negative
     * @param outer the outer bound, exclusive, can be positive or negative and may be greater than or less than inner
     * @return a random long that may be equal to inner and will otherwise be between inner and outer
     */
    public long nextLong(final long inner, final long outer) {
        return inner + nextLong(outer - inner);
    }

    public double nextDouble() {
        return (nextLong() & DOUBLE_MASK) * NORM_53;
    }

    public float nextFloat() {
        return (float) ((nextLong() & FLOAT_MASK) * NORM_24);
    }

    public boolean nextBoolean() {
        return nextLong() < 0L;
    }

    public void nextBytes(final byte[] bytes) {
        int i = bytes.length, n;
        while (i != 0) {
            n = Math.min(i, 8);
            for (long bits = nextLong(); n-- != 0; bits >>>= 8) {
                bytes[--i] = (byte) bits;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get the current internal state of the StatefulRandomness as a long.
     *
     * @return the current internal state of this object.
     */
    @Override
    public long getState() {
        return state;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the seed of this generator using one long, running that through LightRNG's algorithm twice to get the state.
     * @param seed the number to use as the seed
     */
    public void setState(final long seed) {
        if(seed == 0)
            state = -1L;
        else
            state = seed;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "LFSR with state 0x" + StringKit.hex(state) + 'L';
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (this == o) return true;
        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;

        LFSR lfsr = (LFSR) o;

        return (state == lfsr.state);
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return (int) (state ^ (state >>> 32));
    }

    /**
     * Gets the next number that an LFSR would produce using {@link #nextLong()} if its state was {@code state}.
     * Does not allow state to be 0. Strongly consider using the result of this and assigning it to state if you expect
     * to call this again, such as with {@code (state = LFSR.determine(state))}, which will ensure the long-term
     * properties of an LFSR hold up (such as having a period of ((2 to the 64) minus 1), or the guarantee that every
     * number from 1 to ((2 to the 64) minus 1), inclusive on both, will be generated once per period).
     * @param state any long other than 0
     * @return the next long that a 64-bit LFSR would produce with the given state
     */
    public static long determine(final long state)
    {
        return state >>> 1 ^ (-(state & 1L) & 0xD800000000000000L);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the next number from 1 to 255 that a different kind of LFSR would produce if its state was {@code state}.
     * Does not allow state to be 0. If given all byte values except 0 as arguments, will produce all ints 1-255.
     * Strongly consider using the result of this and assigning it to state if you expect to call this again, such as
     * with {@code (state = LFSR.determineByte(state))}, which will ensure the long-term properties of an LFSR hold up
     * (such as having a period of 255, or the guarantee that every number from 1 to 255, inclusive on both, will be
     * generated once per period).
     * @param state any byte other than 0
     * @return the next int between 1 and 255 that an 8-bit LFSR would produce with the given state
     */
    public static int determineByte(final byte state)
    {
        return state >>> 1 ^ (-(state & 1) & 0xB8);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the next number that a different kind of 32-bit LFSR would produce if its state was {@code state}.
     * Does not allow state to be 0. If given all int values except 0 as arguments, will produce all ints except 0.
     * Strongly consider using the result of this and assigning it to state if you expect to call this again, such as
     * with {@code (state = LFSR.determineInt(state))}, which will ensure the long-term properties of an LFSR hold up
     * (such as having a period of ((2 to the 32) minus 1), or the guarantee that every number from 1 to ((2 to the 32)
     * minus 1), inclusive on both, will be generated once per period).
     * @param state any long other than 0
     * @return the next int that a 32-bit LFSR would produce with the given state
     */
    public static int determineInt(final int state)
    {
        return state >>> 1 ^ (-(state & 1) & 0xA3000000);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the next positive long that a different kind of 63-bit LFSR would produce if its state was {@code state}.
     * Does not allow state to be 0 or negative. If given all positive long values (not including 0) as arguments, will
     * produce all longs greater than 0. Strongly consider using the result of this and assigning it to state if you
     * expect to call this again, such as with {@code (state = LFSR.determinePositiveLong(state))}, which will ensure
     * the long-term properties of an LFSR hold up (such as having a period of ((2 to the 63) minus 1), or the guarantee
     * that every number from 1 to ((2 to the 63) minus 1), inclusive on both, will be generated once per period).
     * @param state any positive long, not including 0
     * @return the next int that a 63-bit LFSR would produce with the given state
     */
    public static long determinePositiveLong(final long state)
    {
        return state >>> 1 ^ (-(state & 1L) & 0x6000000000000000L);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the next positive int that a different kind of 31-bit LFSR would produce if its state was {@code state}.
     * Does not allow state to be 0 or negative. If given all positive int values (not including 0) as arguments, will
     * produce all ints greater than 0. Strongly consider using the result of this and assigning it to state if you
     * expect to call this again, such as with {@code (state = LFSR.determinePositiveInt(state))}, which will ensure the
     * long-term properties of an LFSR hold up (such as having a period of ((2 to the 31) minus 1), or the guarantee
     * that every number from 1 to ((2 to the 31) minus 1), inclusive on both, will be generated once per period).
     * <br>
     * A potential benefit of using this particular LFSR type is that the period is a prime number, 2147483647; this can
     * sometimes be relevant if you simultaneously get pseudo-random numbers from sources of randomness with different
     * periods that are "relatively co-prime" (that is, they share no common factors other than 1). This case lengthens
     * the total period of the combined generators significantly, generally multiplying the periods together to get the
     * combined period, as opposed to other cases that may simply add them together.
     * @param state any positive int, not including 0
     * @return the next int that a 31-bit LFSR would produce with the given state
     */
    public static int determinePositiveInt(final int state)
    {
        return state >>> 1 ^ (-(state & 1) & 0x48000000);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the next int that a different kind of LFSR would produce if its state was {@code state}.
     * Does not allow state to be {@link Integer#MIN_VALUE}, nor will this produce a result of {@link Integer#MIN_VALUE}
     * (as long as {@link Integer#MIN_VALUE} was not the input). If given all int values except
     * {@link Integer#MIN_VALUE} as arguments, will produce all ints in the range {@code [-2147483647,2147483647]},
     * including 0 but not -2147483648 (the minimum int). Strongly consider using the result of this and assigning it to
     * state if you expect to call this again, such as with {@code (state = LFSR.determineIntSymmetrical(state))}, which
     * will ensure the long-term properties of an LFSR hold up (such as having a period of ((2 to the 32) minus 1), or
     * the guarantee that every int except {@link Integer#MIN_VALUE} will be generated once per period).
     * <br>
     * This is called Symmetrical because it produces the same amount of positive and negative numbers, instead of the
     * normal generation of more negative ones (due to how ints are represented, the min value is always further from 0
     * than the max value for any signed integer type).
     * @param state any int other than -2147483648 (0x80000000), which is {@link Integer#MIN_VALUE}; can produce 0
     * @return the next int other than -2147483648 that an LFSR would produce with the given state
     */
    public static int determineIntSymmetrical(final int state)
    {
        return ((state ^ 0x80000000) >>> 1 ^ (-(state & 1) & 0xA3000000));
    }

    /**
     * Gets the next number that an LFSR would produce using {@link #nextInt(int)} if its state was {@code state} and
     * {@code bound} was passed to nextInt(). Does not allow state to be 0, but bound can be negative, which causes this
     * not to produce positive numbers. This method is very predictable and its use is not encouraged; prefer using
     * {@link #determineBounded(int, int)}.
     * @param state any long other than 0
     * @param bound the exclusive bound on the result as an int; does better if the bound is not too high (below 10000?)
     * @return the next value that {@link LFSR#determine(long)} would produce with the given state, but limited to bound; can return 0
     */
    public static int determineBounded(final long state, final int bound)
    {
        return (int)((bound * (state >>> 1 & 0xFFFFFFFFL)) >> 32);
    }
    /**
     * Gets an int using {@link #determineInt(int)} and bounds it to fit between 0 (inclusive) and bound (exclusive).
     * Does not allow state to be 0, but bound can be negative, which causes this not to produce positive numbers.
     * @param state any int other than 0
     * @param bound the exclusive bound on the result as an int; does better if the bound is not too high (below 10000?)
     * @return the next int that {@link LFSR#determineInt(int)} would produce with the given state, but limited to bound; can return 0
     */
    public static int determineBounded(final int state, final int bound)
    {
        return (int)((bound * ((state >>> 1 ^ (-(state & 1) & 0xA3000000)) & 0xFFFFFFFFL)) >> 32);
    }
}